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Appendix F: Standard Thermodynamic Properties

Thermodynamic Values for Select Compounds

at 298.15 K.

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Species βˆ†fHΒ° (kJ/mol) SΒ° (J Kβˆ’1 molβˆ’1) βˆ†fGΒ° (kJ/mol)

Aluminum

Al(s)

0

28.275

0

Al3+(aq)

βˆ’531

βˆ’321.7

βˆ’485

AlCl3(s)

βˆ’704.2

110.67

βˆ’628.8

Al2O3(s, corundum)

βˆ’1675.7

50.92

βˆ’1582.3

Argon

Ar(g)

0

154.843

0

Ar(aq)

βˆ’12.1

59.4

16.4

Barium

BaCl2(s)

βˆ’858.6

123.68

βˆ’810.4

BaO(s)

βˆ’553.5

70.42

βˆ’525.1

BaSO4(s)

βˆ’1473.2

132.2

βˆ’1362.2

BaCO3(s)

βˆ’1216.3

112.1

85.35

Beryllium

Be(s)

0

9.5

0

Be(OH)2(s)

βˆ’902.5

51.9

βˆ’815

Bromine

Br(g)

111.884

175.022

82.396

Br2(β„“)

0

152.231

0

Br2(g)

30.907

245.463

3.110

Br2(aq)

βˆ’2.59

130.5

3.93

Brβˆ’(aq)

βˆ’121.55

82.4

βˆ’103.96

BrCl(g)

14.64

240.10

βˆ’0.98

BrF3(g)

βˆ’255.6

292.53

βˆ’229.43

HBr(g)

βˆ’36.40

198.695

βˆ’53.45

Calcium

Ca(s)

0

41.42

0

Ca(g)

178.2

158.884

144.3

Ca2+(g)

1925.9

β€”

β€”

Ca2+(aq)

βˆ’542.83

βˆ’53.1

βˆ’553.58

CaC2(s)

βˆ’59.8

69.96

βˆ’64.9

CaCO3(s, calcite)

βˆ’1206.92

92.9

βˆ’1128.79

CaCl2(s)

βˆ’795.8

104.6

βˆ’748.1

CaF2(s)

βˆ’1219.6

68.87

βˆ’1167.3

CaH2(s)

βˆ’186.2

42

βˆ’147.2

CaO(s)

βˆ’635.09

39.75

βˆ’604.03

CaS(s)

βˆ’482.4

56.5

βˆ’477.4

Ca(OH)2(s)

βˆ’986.09

83.39

βˆ’898.49

Ca(OH)2(aq)

βˆ’1002.82

βˆ’74.5

βˆ’868.07

CaSO4(s)

βˆ’1434.11

106.7

βˆ’1321.79

Carbon

C(s, graphite)

0

5.74

0

C(s, diamond)

1.895

2.377

2.9

C(g)

716.682

158.096

671.257

CCl4(β„“)

βˆ’135.44

216.4

βˆ’65.21

CCl4(g)

βˆ’102.9

309.85

βˆ’60.59

CHCl3(β„“)

βˆ’134.47

201.7

βˆ’73.66

CHCl3(g)

βˆ’103.14

295.71

βˆ’70.34

CH4(g, methane)

βˆ’74.81

186.264

βˆ’50.72

C2H2(g, ethyne)

226.73

200.94

209.2

C2H4(g, ethene)

52.26

219.56

68.15

C2H6(g, ethane)

βˆ’84.68

229.6

βˆ’32.82

C3H8(g, propane)

βˆ’103.8

269.9

βˆ’23.49

C4H10(g, butane)

βˆ’126.148

310.227

βˆ’16.985

C6H6(β„“, benzene)

49.03

172.8

124.5

C6H14(β„“, hexane)

βˆ’198.782

296.018

βˆ’4.035

C8H18(g, octane)

βˆ’208.447

466.835

16.718

C8H18(β„“, octane)

βˆ’249.952

361.205

6.707

CH3OH(β„“, methanol)

βˆ’238.66

126.8

βˆ’166.27

CH3OH(g, methanol)

βˆ’200.66

239.81

βˆ’161.96

CH3OH(aq, methanol)

βˆ’245.931

133.1

βˆ’175.31

C2H5OH(β„“, ethanol)

βˆ’277.69

160.7

βˆ’174.78

C2H5OH(g, ethanol)

βˆ’235.1

282.7

βˆ’168.49

C2H5OH(aq, ethanol)

βˆ’288.3

148.5

βˆ’181.64

C6H12O6(s, glucose)

βˆ’1274.4

235.9

βˆ’917.2

CH3COOβˆ’(aq)

βˆ’486.01

86.6

βˆ’369.31

CH3COOH(aq)

βˆ’485.76

178.7

βˆ’396.46

CH3COOH(β„“)

βˆ’484.5

159.8

βˆ’389.9

CO(g)

βˆ’110.525

197.674

βˆ’137.168

CO2(g)

βˆ’393.509

213.74

βˆ’394.359

H2CO3(aq)

βˆ’699.65

187.4

βˆ’623.08

HCO3βˆ’(aq)

βˆ’691.99

91.2

βˆ’586.77

CO32βˆ’(aq)

βˆ’677.14

βˆ’56.9

βˆ’527.81

HCOOβˆ’(aq)

βˆ’425.55

92.0

βˆ’351.0

HCOOH(aq)

βˆ’425.43

163

βˆ’372.3

HCOOH(β„“)

βˆ’424.72

128.95

βˆ’361.35

CS2(g)

117.36

237.84

67.12

CS2(β„“)

89.70

151.34

65.27

COCl2(g)

βˆ’218.8

283.53

βˆ’204.6

Cesium

Cs(s)

0

85.23

0

Cs+(g)

457.964

β€”

β€”

CsCl(s)

βˆ’443.04

101.17

βˆ’414.53

Chlorine

Cl(g)

121.679

165.198

105.68

Clβˆ’(g)

βˆ’233.13

β€”

β€”

Clβˆ’(aq)

βˆ’167.159

56.5

βˆ’131.228

Cl2(g)

0

223.066

0

Cl2(aq)

βˆ’23.4

121

6.94

HCl(g)

βˆ’92.307

186.908

βˆ’95.299

HCl(aq)

βˆ’167.159

56.5

βˆ’131.228

ClO2(g)

102.5

256.84

120.5

Cl2O(g)

80.3

266.21

97.9

ClOβˆ’(aq)

βˆ’107.1

42.0

βˆ’36.8

HClO(aq)

βˆ’120.9

142

βˆ’79.9

ClF3(g)

βˆ’163.2

281.61

βˆ’123.0

Chromium

Cr(s)

0

23.77

0

Cr2O3(s)

βˆ’1139.7

81.2

βˆ’1058.1

CrCl3(s)

βˆ’556.5

123

βˆ’486.1

Copper

Cu(s)

0

33.15

0

Cu2+(aq)

64.77

–99.6

65.49

CuO(s)

βˆ’157.3

42.63

βˆ’129.7

CuS(s)

βˆ’43.1

66.5

βˆ’53.6

CuCl2(s)

βˆ’220.1

108.07

βˆ’175.7

CuSO4(s)

βˆ’771.36

109

βˆ’661.8

Fluorine

F2(g)

0

202.78

0

F(g)

78.99

158.754

61.91

Fβˆ’(g)

βˆ’255.39

β€”

β€”

Fβˆ’(aq)

βˆ’332.63

βˆ’13.8

βˆ’278.79

F2O(g)

24.7

247.43

41.9

HF(g)

βˆ’271.1

173.779

βˆ’273.2

HF(aq, un-ionized)

βˆ’320.08

88.7

βˆ’296.82

HF(aq, ionized)

βˆ’332.63

βˆ’13.8

βˆ’278.79

Hydrogen†

H2(g)

0

130.684

0

H2(aq)

βˆ’4.2

57.7

17.6

HD(g)

0.318

143.801

βˆ’1.464

D2(g)

0

144.960

0

H(g)

217.965

114.713

203.247

H+(g)

1536.202

β€”

β€”

H+(aq)

0

0

0

OHβˆ’(aq)

βˆ’229.994

βˆ’10.75

βˆ’157.244

H2O(β„“)

βˆ’285.83

69.91

βˆ’237.129

H2O(g)

βˆ’241.818

188.825

βˆ’228.572

H2O2(β„“)

βˆ’187.78

109.6

βˆ’120.35

H2O2(aq)

βˆ’191.17

143.9

βˆ’134.03

HO2βˆ’(aq)

βˆ’160.33

23.8

βˆ’67.3

HDO(β„“)

βˆ’289.888

79.29

βˆ’241.857

D2O(β„“)

βˆ’294.600

75.94

βˆ’243.439

Iodine

I2(s)

0

116.135

0

I2(g)

62.438

260.69

19.327

I2(aq)

22.6

137.2

16.40

I(g)

106.838

180.791

70.25

Iβˆ’(g)

βˆ’197

β€”

β€”

Iβˆ’(aq)

βˆ’55.19

111.3

βˆ’51.57

I3βˆ’(aq)

βˆ’51.5

239.3

βˆ’51.4

HI(g)

26.48

206.594

1.70

HI(aq, ionized)

βˆ’55.19

111.3

βˆ’51.57

IF(g)

βˆ’95.65

236.17

βˆ’118.51

ICl(g)

17.78

247.551

βˆ’5.46

ICl(β„“)

βˆ’23.89

135.1

βˆ’13.58

IBr(g)

40.84

258.773

3.69

ICl3(s)

βˆ’89.5

167.4

βˆ’22.29

Iron

Fe(s)

0

27.78

0

FeO(s, wustite)

βˆ’266.27

57.49

βˆ’245.12

Fe2O3(s, hematite)

βˆ’824.2

87.4

βˆ’742.2

Fe3O4(s, magnetite)

βˆ’1118.4

146.4

βˆ’1015.4

FeCl2(s)

βˆ’341.79

117.95

βˆ’302.3

FeCl3(s)

βˆ’399.49

142.3

βˆ’344

FeS2(s, pyrite)

βˆ’178.2

52.93

βˆ’166.9

Fe(CO)5(β„“)

βˆ’774

338.1

βˆ’705.3

Lead

Pb(s)

0

64.81

0

PbCl2(s)

βˆ’359.41

136

βˆ’314.1

PbO(s, yellow)

βˆ’217.32

68.7

βˆ’187.89

PbS(s)

βˆ’100.4

91.2

βˆ’98.7

PbSO4(s)

βˆ’919.94

148.57

βˆ’813.14

PbCl4(β„“)

βˆ’329.3

β€”

β€”

PbO2(s)

βˆ’277.4

68.6

βˆ’217.33

Lithium

Li(s)

0

29.12

0

Li+(g)

685.783

β€”

β€”

LiOH(s)

βˆ’484.93

42.8

βˆ’438.95

LiOH(aq)

βˆ’508.48

2.8

βˆ’450.58

LiCl(s)

βˆ’408.701

59.33

βˆ’384.37

Li2CO3(s)

βˆ’1216.04

90.17

-1132.19

Magnesium

Mg(s)

0

32.68

0

Mg2+(aq)

βˆ’466.85

βˆ’138.1

βˆ’454.8

MgCl2(g)

βˆ’400.4

β€”

β€”

MgCl2(s)

βˆ’641.32

89.62

βˆ’591.79

MgCl2(aq)

βˆ’801.15

βˆ’25.1

βˆ’717.1

MgO(s)

βˆ’601.70

26.94

βˆ’569.43

Mg(OH)2(s)

βˆ’924.54

63.18

βˆ’833.51

MgS(s)

βˆ’346

50.33

βˆ’341.8

MgSO4(s)

βˆ’1284.9

91.6

βˆ’1170.6

MgCO3(s)

βˆ’1095.8

65.7

βˆ’1012.1

Manganese

Mn(s)

0

32.0

0

Mn(g)

280.7

173.7

238.5

Mn2+(aq)

-220.8

-73.6

-228.1

MnO(s)

-385.2

59.71

-362.9

MnO2(s)

-520.03

53.05

-465.1

Mn2O3(s)

-958.97

110.46

-881.15

Mn3O4(s)

-1378.83

155.64

-1283.23

MnO4-(aq)

-541.4

191.2

-447.2

MnO42-(aq)

-653.0

59

-500.7

Mercury

Hg(β„“)

0

76.02

0

HgCl2(s)

βˆ’224.3

146

βˆ’178.6

HgO(s, red)

βˆ’90.83

70.29

βˆ’58.539

HgS(s, red)

βˆ’58.2

82.4

βˆ’50.6

Nickel

Ni(s)

0

29.87

0

NiO(s)

βˆ’239.7

37.99

βˆ’211.7

NiCl2(s)

βˆ’305.332

97.65

βˆ’259.032

Nitrogen

N2(g)

0

191.61

0

N2(aq)

βˆ’10.8

β€”

β€”

N(g)

472.704

153.298

455.563

NH3(g)

βˆ’46.11

192.45

βˆ’16.45

NH3(aq)

βˆ’80.29

111.3

βˆ’26.50

NH4+(aq)

βˆ’132.51

113.4

βˆ’79.31

N2H4(β„“)

50.63

121.21

149.34

NH4Cl(s)

βˆ’314.43

94.6

βˆ’202.87

NH4Cl(aq)

βˆ’299.66

169.9

βˆ’210.52

NH4NO3(s)

βˆ’365.56

151.08

βˆ’183.87

NH4NO3(aq)

βˆ’339.87

259.8

βˆ’190.56

NO(g)

90.25

210.761

86.55

NO2(g)

33.18

240.06

51.31

N2O(g)

82.05

219.85

104.20

N2O4(g)

9.16

304.29

97.89

N2O4(β„“)

βˆ’19.50

209.2

97.54

NOCl(g)

51.71

261.69

66.08

HNO3(β„“)

βˆ’174.10

155.60

βˆ’80.71

HNO3(g)

βˆ’135.06

266.38

βˆ’74.72

HNO3(aq)

βˆ’207.36

146.4

βˆ’111.25

NO3βˆ’(aq)

βˆ’205.0

146.4

βˆ’108.74

NF3(g)

βˆ’124.7

260.73

βˆ’83.2

Oxygen†

O2(g)

0

205.138

0

O2(aq)

βˆ’11.7

110.9

16.4

O(g)

249.170

161.055

231.731

O3(g)

142.7

238.93

163.2

OHβˆ’(aq)

βˆ’229.994

βˆ’10.75

βˆ’157.244

Phosphorus

P4(s, white)

0

164.36

0

P4(s, red)

βˆ’70.4

91.2

βˆ’48.4

P(g)

314.64

163.193

278.25

PH3(g)

5.4

310.23

13.4

PCl3(g)

βˆ’287.0

311.78

βˆ’267.8

PCl3(β„“)

βˆ’319.7

217.1

βˆ’272.3

PCl5(s)

βˆ’443.5

β€”

β€”

P4O10(s)

βˆ’2984.0

228.86

βˆ’2697.7

H3PO4(s)

βˆ’1279

110.5

βˆ’1119.1

Potassium

K(s)

0

64.18

0

KF(s)

βˆ’567.27

66.57

βˆ’537.75

KCl(s)

βˆ’436.747

82.59

βˆ’409.14

KCl(aq)

βˆ’419.53

159.0

βˆ’414.49

KBr(s)

βˆ’393.798

95.90

βˆ’380.66

KI(s)

βˆ’327.900

106.32

βˆ’324.892

KClO3(s)

βˆ’397.73

143.1

βˆ’296.25

KOH(s)

βˆ’424.764

78.9

βˆ’379.08

KOH(aq)

βˆ’482.37

91.6

βˆ’440.5

Silicon

Si(s)

0

18.83

0

SiBr4(β„“)

βˆ’457.3

277.8

βˆ’443.8

SiC(s)

βˆ’65.3

16.61

βˆ’62.8

SiCl4(g)

βˆ’657.01

330.73

βˆ’616.98

SiH4(g)

34.3

204.62

56.9

SiF4(g)

βˆ’1614.94

282.49

βˆ’1572.65

SiO2(s, quartz)

βˆ’910.94

41.84

βˆ’856.64

Silver

Ag(s)

0

42.55

0

Ag+(aq)

105.579

72.68

77.107

Ag2O(s)

βˆ’31.05

121.3

βˆ’11.2

AgCl(s)

βˆ’127.068

96.2

βˆ’109.789

AgI(s)

βˆ’61.84

115.5

βˆ’66.19

AgN3(s)

620.60

99.22

591.0

AgNO3(s)

βˆ’124.39

140.92

βˆ’33.41

AgNO3(aq)

βˆ’101.8

219.2

βˆ’34.16

Sodium

Na(s)

0

51.21

0

Na(g)

107.32

153.712

76.761

Na+(g)

609.358

β€”

β€”

Na+(aq)

βˆ’240.12

59.0

βˆ’261.905

NaF(s)

βˆ’573.647

51.46

βˆ’543.494

NaF(aq)

βˆ’572.75

45.2

βˆ’540.68

NaCl(s)

βˆ’411.153

72.13

βˆ’384.138

NaCl(g)

βˆ’176.65

229.81

βˆ’196.66

NaCl(aq)

βˆ’407.27

115.5

βˆ’393.133

NaBr(s)

βˆ’361.062

86.82

βˆ’348.983

NaBr(aq)

βˆ’361.665

141.4

βˆ’365.849

NaI(s)

βˆ’287.78

98.53

βˆ’286.06

NaI(aq)

βˆ’295.31

170.3

βˆ’313.47

NaOH(s)

βˆ’425.609

64.455

βˆ’379.484

NaOH(aq)

βˆ’470.114

48.1

βˆ’419.15

NaClO3(s)

βˆ’365.774

123.4

βˆ’262.259

NaHCO3(s)

βˆ’950.81

101.7

βˆ’851.0

Na2CO3(s)

βˆ’1130.68

134.98

βˆ’1044.44

Na2SO4(s)

βˆ’1387.08

149.58

βˆ’1270.16

Sulfur

S(s, monoclinic)

0.33

β€”

β€”

S(s, rhombic)

0

31.80

0

S(g)

278.805

167.821

238.250

S2βˆ’(aq)

33.1

βˆ’14.6

85.8

S2Cl2(g)

βˆ’18.4

331.5

βˆ’31.8

SF6(g)

βˆ’1209

291.82

βˆ’1105.3

SF4(g)

βˆ’774.9

292.03

βˆ’731.3

H2S(g)

βˆ’20.63

205.79

βˆ’33.56

H2S(aq)

βˆ’39.7

121

βˆ’27.83

HSβˆ’(aq)

βˆ’17.6

62.8

12.08

SO2(g)

βˆ’296.830

248.22

βˆ’300.194

SO3(g)

βˆ’395.72

256.76

βˆ’371.06

SOCl2(g)

βˆ’212.5

309.77

βˆ’198.3

SO42βˆ’(aq)

βˆ’909.27

20.1

βˆ’744.53

H2SO4(β„“)

βˆ’813.989

156.904

βˆ’690.003

H2SO4(aq)

βˆ’909.27

20.1

βˆ’744.53

HSO4βˆ’(aq)

βˆ’887.34

131.8

βˆ’755.91

Tin

Sn(s, white)

0

51.55

0

Sn(s, gray)

βˆ’2.09

44.14

0.13

SnCl2(s)

βˆ’325.1

β€”

β€”

SnCl4(β„“)

βˆ’511.3

258.6

βˆ’440.1

SnCl4(g)

βˆ’471.5

365.8

βˆ’432.2

SnO2(s)

βˆ’580.7

52.3

βˆ’519.6

Titanium

Ti(s)

0

30.63

0

TiCl4(β„“)

βˆ’804.2

252.34

βˆ’737.2

TiCl4(g)

βˆ’763.2

354.9

βˆ’726.7

TiO2(s)

βˆ’939.7

49.92

βˆ’884.5

Uranium

U(s)

0

50.21

0

UO2(s)

βˆ’1084.9

77.03

βˆ’1031.7

UO3(s)

βˆ’1223.8

96.11

βˆ’1145.9

UF4(s)

βˆ’1914.2

151.67

βˆ’1823.3

UF6(g)

βˆ’2147.4

377.9

βˆ’2063.7

UF6(s)

βˆ’2197.0

227.6

βˆ’2068.5

Zinc

Zn(s)

0

41.63

0

ZnCl2(s)

βˆ’415.05

111.46

βˆ’369.398

ZnO(s)

βˆ’348.28

43.64

βˆ’318.3

ZnS(s, sphalerite)

βˆ’205.98

57.7

βˆ’201.29
From Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R., Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982.
†Many hydrogen-containing and oxygen-containing compounds are listed only under other elements.

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