D13.1 Conformations

At room temperature, molecules are in constant motion both with respect to other molecules and as a result of internal motions such as rotation of one part of a molecule relative to another part of the same molecule. Below is an animation of a butane molecule at room temperature. Notice that there is rotation around the central C–C single bond (which is kept stationary in the animation to show the rotation better) and also around the other C–C single bonds. Such rotations in a molecule lead to different conformations or conformers, structures that differ only because of rotations around single bonds.

Figure: Conformations of Butane. Rotation around the C-C single bonds in butane leads to various conformations of the molecule. The C-C single bond in the center of the molecule is kept in the same position in this animation so that rotations around it are more obvious, but rotation occurs around all three C-C single bonds. To see the rotations more clearly. stop the animation and drag the slider at the bottom. You can change the perspective from which you view the molecule by holding the mouse button down and moving the mouse. (Animation by Michael Aristov.)

As you can see in the above animation, no bond breaking is needed to go from one conformer to another. Because the energy required for rotation around single bonds is small, such rotations occur readily at room temperature for most molecules. Hence, at room temperature, one conformer cannot be isolated from another and chemists consider that conformers represent the same chemical compound, with the same name and the same physical properties.

Figure: Conformations and Wedge-Dash Structures. Rotation around the C-C single bonds in butane leads to various conformations of the molecule. Here four conformations are projected onto a plane and drawn as wedge-dash structures. You can change the perspective from which you view the molecule by holding the mouse button down and moving the mouse. (Animation by Michael Aristov.)

Activity: Depicting Conformers

In the animation of a nonane molecule below, you can see that different conformers of the same molecule can adopt, at a first glance, dramatically different molecular shapes. If you change your viewpoint by moving the molecule with your mouse, you can see that the molecule also looks quite different from different perspectives.

Figure: Conformations of Nonane. Rotation around the C-C single bonds in nonane leads to many different shapes for the molecule. You can change the perspective from which you view the molecule by holding the mouse button down and moving the mouse. (Animation by Michael Aristov.)

Given two or more Lewis structures, it is important that you can recognize whether they are conformers or isomers. Lewis structures or line structures that look quite different may very well be different conformers or the same conformer drawn from different perspectives; in either case, the structures would represent the same substance.

A good way to tell whether two structures represent the same substance is to work out the correct name of each structure. If the names are the same, the structures represent conformers, not different substances. You will not be explicitly tested on naming compounds (nomenclature) in this course, but we strongly recommend that you study the section about alkanes in the appendix Organic Nomenclature. IUPAC names are a systematic way of naming chemical compounds that can also help you when thinking about molecular structure. Going forward, if you encounter a name for a chemical compound that’s unfamiliar to you, the Organic Nomenclature appendix can help.

Activity: Identifying Conformers

Consider these four line structures.

Four line structures are described from left to right. 1. Eight lines in a horizontal zig-zag pattern. 2. Three lines in a horizontal zig-zag, a dashed line pointing up, four lines in a zig-zag going up and a little to the right. 3. Three lines in a horizontal zig-zag, a dished line pointing, two lines going up, a wedge pointing up and to the left, and another line. 5. A dashed line going down, 6 lines in a horizontal zig-zag, and a wedge going up.

Which, if any, represents a different compound? Name each structure to see whether it differs from the others.

Write in your notebook, then left-click here for an explanation.

To name a structure, determine the longest chain of carbon atoms and name the compound based on the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain. Then identify any branches (side chains), name them, and indicate their positions by numbering the C atoms in the longest chain to give the lowest numbers.

Each of the structures consists of nine carbon atoms in a chain. There are no branches. Thus each structure is named nonane and all structures represent the same compound. The structures are different conformations of nonane.

While the different conformers represent the same chemical compound, there are instances where specific conformations matter. For example, for some compounds, different conformations can have different reactivity in a specific reaction. And on a larger scale, huge protein molecules adopt only a few of many possible conformations; the shapes of protein molecules are essential to their biological functions.

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Chem 109 Fall 2024 Copyright © by Jia Zhou; John Moore; and Etienne Garand is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.