D7.1 Bond Length and Bond Energy

Formation of a stable covalent molecule involves sharing electrons between two or more nuclei (the electrons occupy molecular orbitals that increase electron density between nuclei). The bond length between any two adjacent nuclei in such a covalent molecule is the distance between the two nuclei at the minimum energy in a graph of energy versus nuclear separation. For example, the bond length in a H2 molecule is 74 pm, as shown in this figure.

Figure: Bond Length and Bond Energy. The bond length in a H2 molecule is 74 pm. This is the distance between the two H-atom nuclei at the minimum in the curve of energy versus distance. Bond energy is the energy required to separate two bonded atoms, which is the vertical distance from the minimum in the curve to zero on the graph, 436 kJ/mol.

Bond energy is the energy change when a chemical bond is broken; that is, when two bonded atoms are completely separated. For example, the figure above shows that the bonded hydrogen atoms have energy of −436 kJ/mol relative to the separated hydrogen atoms. This means that the energy of the molecule must be increased by 436 kJ/mol to separate the atoms (break the bond). So the bond energy for H2 is 436 kJ/mol.

Exercise: Bond Energy

Lengths of single bonds can be roughly estimated by using the atomic radii of the bonded atoms. For example, adding the atomic radius (also called covalent radius) of C (77 pm) to that of O (74 pm), estimates the length of a C—O bond to be 151 pm. This is quite close to the average C—O bond length of 143 pm. (Both of these values are estimates because covalent radii and bond lengths are averaged over many molecules and therefore are not exact for any specific molecule.)

In general, the bigger the atoms are, the longer the bond between them is. For example, consider the following trend in the average C-X bond lengths, where X is a halogen:

C-F 141 pm
C-Cl 176 pm
C-Br 191 pm
C-I 210 pm

Bond lengths are also dependent on bond order. For example, the C—C single bond has an average length of 154 pm, while a C=C double bond is 134 pm long, and a C≡C triple bond has an average length of 121 pm.

Exercise: Bond Length and Atomic Radius

Comparisons of the average bond length and bond energy values show a general trend: a covalent bond with a shorter bond length usually has a larger bond energy.

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Chem 109 Fall 2024 Copyright © by Jia Zhou; John Moore; and Etienne Garand is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.