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Preface
Introduction
1.1 Chemistry in Context
1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
1.4 Measurements
1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
2.4 Chemical Formulas
2.5 The Periodic Table
2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
3.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
3.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
3.3 Molarity
3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
4.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
4.4 Reaction Yields
4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
5.1 Energy Basics
5.2 Calorimetry
5.3 Enthalpy
7.1 Ionic Bonding
7.2 Covalent Bonding
7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance
7.5 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
6.2 The Bohr Model
6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
8.1 Valence Bond Theory
8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
8.3 Multiple Bonds
8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
9.1 Gas Pressure
9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
9.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
9.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
10.1 Intermolecular Forces
10.2 Properties of Liquids
10.3 Phase Transitions
10.4 Phase Diagrams
10.5 The Solid State of Matter
10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
11.1 The Dissolution Process
11.2 Electrolytes
11.3 Solubility
11.4 Colligative Properties
11.5 Colloids
12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
12.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
12.3 Rate Laws
12.4 Integrated Rate Laws
12.5 Collision Theory
12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
12.7 Catalysis
13.1 Chemical Equilibria
13.2 Equilibrium Constants
13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
13.4 Equilibrium Calculations
14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
14.2 pH and pOH
14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
14.4 Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
14.5 Polyprotic Acids
14.6 Buffers
14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
15.3 Multiple Equilibria
16.1 Spontaneity
16.2 Entropy
16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
16.4 Free Energy
17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
17.2 Galvanic Cells
17.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
17.4 The Nernst Equation
17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
17.6 Corrosion
17.7 Electrolysis
18.1 Periodicity
18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
18.7 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
18.8 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
18.10 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
18.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
18.12 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
20.1 Hydrocarbons
20.2 Alcohols and Ethers
20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
20.4 Amines and Amides
21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
21.2 Nuclear Equations
21.3 Radioactive Decay
21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Appendix A: The Periodic Table
Appendix B: Essential Mathematics
Appendix C: Units and Conversion Factors
Appendix D: Fundamental Physical Constants
Appendix E: Water Properties
Appendix F: Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
Appendix G: Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
Appendix H: Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
Appendix I: Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
Appendix J: Solubility Products
Appendix K: Formation Constants for Complex Ions
Appendix L: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
Appendix M: Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes
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