Unit 3: Introduction to the present tense and adjectives
Adjetivos:
alguno |
some |
barato |
cheap, inexpensive |
bueno |
good |
cada |
each, every |
caliente |
warm, hot |
caro |
expensive, dear |
difícil |
difficult, hard |
distraído |
absentminded, distracted |
enfermo |
ill, sick (“invalid,” as noun) |
fácil |
easy |
frío |
cold |
gran/ grande |
great, large |
malo |
bad |
medio |
half (media– half past the hour) |
nuevo |
new |
orgulloso |
proud, haughty |
otro |
other, another |
pequeño |
little, small |
rico |
rich, wealthy, delicious |
seguro |
safe, sure |
solo |
alone, lonely |
todo |
all, every |
viejo |
old |
vivo |
alive, clever, sharp |
¡Ojo! When todo or one of its forms precedes a noun (used as an adjective), no comprehension problem is presented. When todo is used a pronoun, however, you must distinguish between singular and plural meaning:
- Todos están aquí.
- Everyone is here.
- Todo es fácil.
- Everything is easy.
Adjetivos: Los colores:
amarillo |
yellow |
anaranjado |
orange |
azul |
blue (cognate: azure) |
blanco |
white (cognate: to blanch) |
castaño |
brown, chestnut, hazel |
color de café |
brown |
gris |
gray |
marrón |
brown |
morado |
purple |
naranja |
orange |
negro |
black |
pardo |
brown |
púrpura |
purple |
rojo |
red |
rosado |
pink |
verde |
green (cognate: verdant) |
Adverbios:
bien |
well |
mal |
bad, badly |
menos |
less (combined with adjective- least) |
pronto |
soon |
siempre |
always |
sólo |
only |
todavía |
still, yet |
ya |
already (sometimes, “now” or “later”; See section 12.4.) |
Adverbios temporales (Adverbs of Time):
antes |
before |
después |
after, afterwards |
esta mañana |
this morning |
esta tarde |
this afternoon |
esta noche |
tonight |
tarde |
late |
temprano |
early |
todos los días |
everyday |
Expresiones:
a casa |
home (to home) (expresses motion) |
a la vez |
at the same time |
a tiempo |
on time |
en casa |
at home (expresses location) |
hay que + inf. |
it is necessary (to do something) |
no sólo … sino también |
not only… but also |
por eso |
therefore, for that reason, that’s why |
¿qué tal + (form of estar)? |
how are you/ is he, she, etc. (doing)? |
Nacionalidades:
As appropriate, the masculine form of nationalities also serves as nouns for the language of the country. Both forms function as nouns referring to natives of these countries.
alemán |
German |
austríaco |
Austrian |
brasileño |
Brazilian* |
canadiense |
Canadian* |
español |
Spaniard |
francés |
French |
griego |
Greek |
inglés |
British |
noruego |
Norwegian |
portugués |
Portuguese |
sueco |
Swedish |
suizo |
Swiss |
*These endings (-eño and –ense) are very common adjective endings referring to the natives or inhabitants of countries and cities:
madrileño |
native of Madrid |
limeño |
native of Lima |
costarricense |
Costa Rican/ native of Costa Rica |
estadounidense |
American/ native of the United States |
All such words can also carry meaning of “pertaining to” without indicating a person:
Es (una) costumbre madrileña cenar muy tarde. |
It’s a Madrid custom (custom of Madrid) to eat dinner very late. |
Números:
treinta |
thirty |
cuarenta |
forty |
cincuenta |
fifty |
sesenta |
sixty |
setenta |
seventy |
ochenta |
eighty |
noventa |
ninety |
cien(to) |
one hundred |
mil |
one thousand |
Otras palabras:
algo |
something |
como |
like, such, as, how |
más |
more (or with adjective- most) |
porque |
because |
que |
that, which, who |
Pronombres (Pronouns):
todo el mundo |
everyone (synonymous with todos) |
cada uno/-a |
each one, every one |
Sustantivos:
el agua (fem.) |
water* |
el/la alumno/-a |
student (false friend) |
el año |
year |
el árbol |
tree (cognate-arbor, arboreal) |
el bolígrafo |
pen |
el carro |
car (L.A.) |
la casa |
house, home |
el centro |
center, center of city, uptown, downtown |
el coche |
car (Sp., esp.) |
la comida |
food, meal, evening meal |
la cosa |
thing |
el cuaderno |
notebook |
la cuenta |
bill** |
el cuento |
story, short story**, *** |
el cumpleaños |
birthday |
el día |
day |
la escuela |
school |
el/la estudiante |
student |
la fecha |
date (of month, year) |
la frase |
sentence, phrase |
la hija |
daughter |
el hijo |
son |
los hijos |
children***** |
la historia |
story (in a general sense), tale, history *** |
el lápiz |
pencil |
la mañana |
morning**** |
el mes |
month |
la mesa |
table |
la noche |
evening, night |
la nota |
grade; bill (currency); note |
el papel |
paper |
la pared |
wall |
la pizarra |
chalkboard |
la pregunta |
question |
la puerta |
door** |
el puerto |
port** |
la ropa |
clothes, clothing (false friend) |
la semana |
week |
el señor (Sr.) |
Mr. |
la señora (Sra.) |
Mrs. |
los señores (Sres.) |
Mr. and Mrs. |
la señorita (Srta.) |
Miss |
la silla |
chair |
la tarde |
afternoon |
la telenovela |
soap opera |
el tiempo |
time, weather |
la ventana |
window |
la vez |
time, occasion |
el viaje |
trip |
la vida |
life (cognate- vital, vitality) |
*Agua takes the masculine definite article for phonetic reasons only. It remains feminine and all adjectives modifying it are feminine (see section 3.2.): El agua está fría hoy.
**Be careful to differentiate between the very similar nouns el cuento and la cuenta, as well as el puerto and la puerta.
***Cuento and historia are often not synonymous. The former often refers to the literary genre while the latter mean “story” in a general sense. If one wrote of “the story of Romeo and Juliet,” la historia de Romeo y Julieta would be used.
****When mañana is preceded by an article, its meaning is “morning.” When not, it is an adverb of time and means “tomorrow.”
*****Hijos are always one’s own children, regardless of age. Niños refers to small children, which may or may not be one’s own.
Verbos:
ayudar |
to help |
buscar |
to look for, to search for |
caminar |
to walk |
cenar |
to dine, to have dinner, to eat the evening meal |
cocinar |
to cook (cognate: cuisine) |
comprar |
to buy |
dejar |
to leave (behind), to abandon, to let, to permit |
escuchar |
to listen |
esperar |
to wait, to hope, to expect |
lavar |
to wash (cognate: lavatory) |
llegar |
to arrive* |
llevar |
to carry, to take |
limpiar |
to clean |
mirar |
to look at (cognate- to admire) |
nadar |
to swim (cognate: natatorium) |
necesitar |
to need |
pagar |
to pay |
preguntar |
to ask |
preparar |
to prepare |
sacar |
to take (photos), to take out, to get a grade |
tomar |
to take (in/by the hand), to drink, to eat (not a solid food) |
usar |
to use, to wear |
viajar |
to travel (cognate- voyage) |
* It may help to remember that the verb of motion of the two is llegar, which has the g, as in the verb of motion “to go.”