Appendix
Thermodynamic Values for Select Compounds
at 298.15 K.
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| Species | ∆fH° (kJ/mol) | S° (J K−1 mol−1) | ∆fG° (kJ/mol) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Aluminum
|
|||
|
Al(s)
|
0
|
28.275
|
0
|
|
Al3+(aq)
|
−531
|
−321.7
|
−485
|
|
AlCl3(s)
|
−704.2
|
110.67
|
−628.8
|
|
Al2O3(s, corundum)
|
−1675.7
|
50.92
|
−1582.3
|
|
Argon
|
|||
|
Ar(g)
|
0
|
154.843
|
0
|
|
Ar(aq)
|
−12.1
|
59.4
|
16.4
|
|
Barium
|
|||
|
BaCl2(s)
|
−858.6
|
123.68
|
−810.4
|
|
BaO(s)
|
−553.5
|
70.42
|
−525.1
|
|
BaSO4(s)
|
−1473.2
|
132.2
|
−1362.2
|
|
BaCO3(s)
|
−1216.3
|
112.1
|
85.35
|
|
Beryllium
|
|||
|
Be(s)
|
0
|
9.5
|
0
|
|
Be(OH)2(s)
|
−902.5
|
51.9
|
−815
|
|
Bromine
|
|||
|
Br(g)
|
111.884
|
175.022
|
82.396
|
|
Br2(ℓ)
|
0
|
152.231
|
0
|
|
Br2(g)
|
30.907
|
245.463
|
3.110
|
|
Br2(aq)
|
−2.59
|
130.5
|
3.93
|
|
Br−(aq)
|
−121.55
|
82.4
|
−103.96
|
|
BrCl(g)
|
14.64
|
240.10
|
−0.98
|
|
BrF3(g)
|
−255.6
|
292.53
|
−229.43
|
|
HBr(g)
|
−36.40
|
198.695
|
−53.45
|
|
Calcium
|
|||
|
Ca(s)
|
0
|
41.42
|
0
|
|
Ca(g)
|
178.2
|
158.884
|
144.3
|
|
Ca2+(g)
|
1925.9
|
—
|
—
|
|
Ca2+(aq)
|
−542.83
|
−53.1
|
−553.58
|
|
CaC2(s)
|
−59.8
|
69.96
|
−64.9
|
|
CaCO3(s, calcite)
|
−1206.92
|
92.9
|
−1128.79
|
|
CaCl2(s)
|
−795.8
|
104.6
|
−748.1
|
|
CaF2(s)
|
−1219.6
|
68.87
|
−1167.3
|
|
CaH2(s)
|
−186.2
|
42
|
−147.2
|
|
CaO(s)
|
−635.09
|
39.75
|
−604.03
|
|
CaS(s)
|
−482.4
|
56.5
|
−477.4
|
|
Ca(OH)2(s)
|
−986.09
|
83.39
|
−898.49
|
|
Ca(OH)2(aq)
|
−1002.82
|
−74.5
|
−868.07
|
|
CaSO4(s)
|
−1434.11
|
106.7
|
−1321.79
|
|
Carbon
|
|||
|
C(s, graphite)
|
0
|
5.74
|
0
|
|
C(s, diamond)
|
1.895
|
2.377
|
2.9
|
|
C(g)
|
716.682
|
158.096
|
671.257
|
|
CCl4(ℓ)
|
−135.44
|
216.4
|
−65.21
|
|
CCl4(g)
|
−102.9
|
309.85
|
−60.59
|
|
CHCl3(ℓ)
|
−134.47
|
201.7
|
−73.66
|
|
CHCl3(g)
|
−103.14
|
295.71
|
−70.34
|
|
CH4(g, methane)
|
−74.81
|
186.264
|
−50.72
|
|
C2H2(g, ethyne)
|
226.73
|
200.94
|
209.2
|
|
C2H4(g, ethene)
|
52.26
|
219.56
|
68.15
|
|
C2H6(g, ethane)
|
−84.68
|
229.6
|
−32.82
|
|
C3H8(g, propane)
|
−103.8
|
269.9
|
−23.49
|
|
C4H10(g, butane)
|
−126.148
|
310.227
|
−16.985
|
|
C6H6(ℓ, benzene)
|
49.03
|
172.8
|
124.5
|
|
C6H14(ℓ, hexane)
|
−198.782
|
296.018
|
−4.035
|
|
C8H18(g, octane)
|
−208.447
|
466.835
|
16.718
|
|
C8H18(ℓ, octane)
|
−249.952
|
361.205
|
6.707
|
|
CH3OH(ℓ, methanol)
|
−238.66
|
126.8
|
−166.27
|
|
CH3OH(g, methanol)
|
−200.66
|
239.81
|
−161.96
|
|
CH3OH(aq, methanol)
|
−245.931
|
133.1
|
−175.31
|
|
C2H5OH(ℓ, ethanol)
|
−277.69
|
160.7
|
−174.78
|
|
C2H5OH(g, ethanol)
|
−235.1
|
282.7
|
−168.49
|
|
C2H5OH(aq, ethanol)
|
−288.3
|
148.5
|
−181.64
|
|
C6H12O6(s, glucose)
|
−1274.4
|
235.9
|
−917.2
|
|
CH3COO−(aq)
|
−486.01
|
86.6
|
−369.31
|
|
CH3COOH(aq)
|
−485.76
|
178.7
|
−396.46
|
|
CH3COOH(ℓ)
|
−484.5
|
159.8
|
−389.9
|
|
CO(g)
|
−110.525
|
197.674
|
−137.168
|
|
CO2(g)
|
−393.509
|
213.74
|
−394.359
|
|
H2CO3(aq)
|
−699.65
|
187.4
|
−623.08
|
|
HCO3−(aq)
|
−691.99
|
91.2
|
−586.77
|
|
CO32−(aq)
|
−677.14
|
−56.9
|
−527.81
|
|
HCOO−(aq)
|
−425.55
|
92.0
|
−351.0
|
|
HCOOH(aq)
|
−425.43
|
163
|
−372.3
|
|
HCOOH(ℓ)
|
−424.72
|
128.95
|
−361.35
|
|
CS2(g)
|
117.36
|
237.84
|
67.12
|
|
CS2(ℓ)
|
89.70
|
151.34
|
65.27
|
|
COCl2(g)
|
−218.8
|
283.53
|
−204.6
|
|
Cesium
|
|||
|
Cs(s)
|
0
|
85.23
|
0
|
|
Cs+(g)
|
457.964
|
—
|
—
|
|
CsCl(s)
|
−443.04
|
101.17
|
−414.53
|
|
Chlorine
|
|||
|
Cl(g)
|
121.679
|
165.198
|
105.68
|
|
Cl−(g)
|
−233.13
|
—
|
—
|
|
Cl−(aq)
|
−167.159
|
56.5
|
−131.228
|
|
Cl2(g)
|
0
|
223.066
|
0
|
|
Cl2(aq)
|
−23.4
|
121
|
6.94
|
|
HCl(g)
|
−92.307
|
186.908
|
−95.299
|
|
HCl(aq)
|
−167.159
|
56.5
|
−131.228
|
|
ClO2(g)
|
102.5
|
256.84
|
120.5
|
|
Cl2O(g)
|
80.3
|
266.21
|
97.9
|
|
ClO−(aq)
|
−107.1
|
42.0
|
−36.8
|
|
HClO(aq)
|
−120.9
|
142
|
−79.9
|
|
ClF3(g)
|
−163.2
|
281.61
|
−123.0
|
|
Chromium
|
|||
|
Cr(s)
|
0
|
23.77
|
0
|
|
Cr2O3(s)
|
−1139.7
|
81.2
|
−1058.1
|
|
CrCl3(s)
|
−556.5
|
123
|
−486.1
|
|
Copper
|
|||
|
Cu(s)
|
0
|
33.15
|
0
|
|
CuO(s)
|
−157.3
|
42.63
|
−129.7
|
|
CuCl2(s)
|
−220.1
|
108.07
|
−175.7
|
|
CuSO4(s)
|
−771.36
|
109
|
−661.8
|
|
Fluorine
|
|||
|
F2(g)
|
0
|
202.78
|
0
|
|
F(g)
|
78.99
|
158.754
|
61.91
|
|
F−(g)
|
−255.39
|
—
|
—
|
|
F−(aq)
|
−332.63
|
−13.8
|
−278.79
|
|
HF(g)
|
−271.1
|
173.779
|
−273.2
|
|
HF(aq, un-ionized)
|
−320.08
|
88.7
|
−296.82
|
|
HF(aq, ionized)
|
−332.63
|
−13.8
|
−278.79
|
|
Hydrogen†
|
|||
|
H2(g)
|
0
|
130.684
|
0
|
|
H2(aq)
|
−4.2
|
57.7
|
17.6
|
|
HD(g)
|
0.318
|
143.801
|
−1.464
|
|
D2(g)
|
0
|
144.960
|
0
|
|
H(g)
|
217.965
|
114.713
|
203.247
|
|
H+(g)
|
1536.202
|
—
|
—
|
|
H+(aq)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
OH−(aq)
|
−229.994
|
−10.75
|
−157.244
|
|
H2O(ℓ)
|
−285.83
|
69.91
|
−237.129
|
|
H2O(g)
|
−241.818
|
188.825
|
−228.572
|
|
H2O2(ℓ)
|
−187.78
|
109.6
|
−120.35
|
|
H2O2(aq)
|
−191.17
|
143.9
|
−134.03
|
|
HO2−(aq)
|
−160.33
|
23.8
|
−67.3
|
|
HDO(ℓ)
|
−289.888
|
79.29
|
−241.857
|
|
D2O(ℓ)
|
−294.600
|
75.94
|
−243.439
|
|
Iodine
|
|||
|
I2(s)
|
0
|
116.135
|
0
|
|
I2(g)
|
62.438
|
260.69
|
19.327
|
|
I2(aq)
|
22.6
|
137.2
|
16.40
|
|
I(g)
|
106.838
|
180.791
|
70.25
|
|
I−(g)
|
−197
|
—
|
—
|
|
I−(aq)
|
−55.19
|
111.3
|
−51.57
|
|
I3−(aq)
|
−51.5
|
239.3
|
−51.4
|
|
HI(g)
|
26.48
|
206.594
|
1.70
|
|
HI(aq, ionized)
|
−55.19
|
111.3
|
−51.57
|
|
IF(g)
|
−95.65
|
236.17
|
−118.51
|
|
ICl(g)
|
17.78
|
247.551
|
−5.46
|
|
ICl(ℓ)
|
−23.89
|
135.1
|
−13.58
|
|
IBr(g)
|
40.84
|
258.773
|
3.69
|
|
ICl3(s)
|
−89.5
|
167.4
|
−22.29
|
|
Iron
|
|||
|
Fe(s)
|
0
|
27.78
|
0
|
|
FeO(s, wustite)
|
−266.27
|
57.49
|
−245.12
|
|
Fe2O3(s, hematite)
|
−824.2
|
87.4
|
−742.2
|
|
Fe3O4(s, magnetite)
|
−1118.4
|
146.4
|
−1015.4
|
|
FeCl2(s)
|
−341.79
|
117.95
|
−302.3
|
|
FeCl3(s)
|
−399.49
|
142.3
|
−344
|
|
FeS2(s, pyrite)
|
−178.2
|
52.93
|
−166.9
|
|
Fe(CO)5(ℓ)
|
−774
|
338.1
|
−705.3
|
|
Lead
|
|||
|
Pb(s)
|
0
|
64.81
|
0
|
|
PbCl2(s)
|
−359.41
|
136
|
−314.1
|
|
PbO(s, yellow)
|
−217.32
|
68.7
|
−187.89
|
|
PbS(s)
|
−100.4
|
91.2
|
−98.7
|
|
PbSO4(s)
|
−919.94
|
148.57
|
−813.14
|
|
PbCl4(ℓ)
|
−329.3
|
—
|
—
|
|
PbO2(s)
|
−277.4
|
68.6
|
−217.33
|
|
Lithium
|
|||
|
Li(s)
|
0
|
29.12
|
0
|
|
Li+(g)
|
685.783
|
—
|
—
|
|
LiOH(s)
|
−484.93
|
42.8
|
−438.95
|
|
LiOH(aq)
|
−508.48
|
2.8
|
−450.58
|
|
LiCl(s)
|
−408.701
|
59.33
|
−384.37
|
|
Magnesium
|
|||
|
Mg(s)
|
0
|
32.68
|
0
|
|
Mg2+(aq)
|
−466.85
|
−138.1
|
−454.8
|
|
MgCl2(g)
|
−400.4
|
—
|
—
|
|
MgCl2(s)
|
−641.32
|
89.62
|
−591.79
|
|
MgCl2(aq)
|
−801.15
|
−25.1
|
−717.1
|
|
MgO(s)
|
−601.70
|
26.94
|
−569.43
|
|
Mg(OH)2(s)
|
−924.54
|
63.18
|
−833.51
|
|
MgS(s)
|
−346
|
50.33
|
−341.8
|
|
MgSO4(s)
|
−1284.9
|
91.6
|
−1170.6
|
|
MgCO3(s)
|
−1095.8
|
65.7
|
−1012.1
|
|
Mercury
|
|||
|
Hg(ℓ)
|
0
|
76.02
|
0
|
|
HgCl2(s)
|
−224.3
|
146
|
−178.6
|
|
HgO(s, red)
|
−90.83
|
70.29
|
−58.539
|
|
HgS(s, red)
|
−58.2
|
82.4
|
−50.6
|
|
Nickel
|
|||
|
Ni(s)
|
0
|
29.87
|
0
|
|
NiO(s)
|
−239.7
|
37.99
|
−211.7
|
|
NiCl2(s)
|
−305.332
|
97.65
|
−259.032
|
|
Nitrogen
|
|||
|
N2(g)
|
0
|
191.61
|
0
|
|
N2(aq)
|
−10.8
|
—
|
—
|
|
N(g)
|
472.704
|
153.298
|
455.563
|
|
NH3(g)
|
−46.11
|
192.45
|
−16.45
|
|
NH3(aq)
|
−80.29
|
111.3
|
−26.50
|
|
NH4+(aq)
|
−132.51
|
113.4
|
−79.31
|
|
N2H4(ℓ)
|
50.63
|
121.21
|
149.34
|
|
NH4Cl(s)
|
−314.43
|
94.6
|
−202.87
|
|
NH4Cl(aq)
|
−299.66
|
169.9
|
−210.52
|
|
NH4NO3(s)
|
−365.56
|
151.08
|
−183.87
|
|
NH4NO3(aq)
|
−339.87
|
259.8
|
−190.56
|
|
NO(g)
|
90.25
|
210.761
|
86.55
|
|
NO2(g)
|
33.18
|
240.06
|
51.31
|
|
N2O(g)
|
82.05
|
219.85
|
104.20
|
|
N2O4(g)
|
9.16
|
304.29
|
97.89
|
|
N2O4(ℓ)
|
−19.50
|
209.2
|
97.54
|
|
NOCl(g)
|
51.71
|
261.69
|
66.08
|
|
HNO3(ℓ)
|
−174.10
|
155.60
|
−80.71
|
|
HNO3(g)
|
−135.06
|
266.38
|
−74.72
|
|
HNO3(aq)
|
−207.36
|
146.4
|
−111.25
|
|
NO3−(aq)
|
−205.0
|
146.4
|
−108.74
|
|
NF3(g)
|
−124.7
|
260.73
|
−83.2
|
|
Oxygen†
|
|||
|
O2(g)
|
0
|
205.138
|
0
|
|
O2(aq)
|
−11.7
|
110.9
|
16.4
|
|
O(g)
|
249.170
|
161.055
|
231.731
|
|
O3(g)
|
142.7
|
238.93
|
163.2
|
|
OH−(aq)
|
−229.994
|
−10.75
|
−157.244
|
|
Phosphorus
|
|||
|
P4(s, white)
|
0
|
164.36
|
0
|
|
P4(s, red)
|
−70.4
|
91.2
|
−48.4
|
|
P(g)
|
314.64
|
163.193
|
278.25
|
|
PH3(g)
|
5.4
|
310.23
|
13.4
|
|
PCl3(g)
|
−287.0
|
311.78
|
−267.8
|
|
PCl3(ℓ)
|
−319.7
|
217.1
|
−272.3
|
|
PCl5(s)
|
−443.5
|
—
|
—
|
|
P4O10(s)
|
−2984.0
|
228.86
|
−2697.7
|
|
H3PO4(s)
|
−1279
|
110.5
|
−1119.1
|
|
Potassium
|
|||
|
K(s)
|
0
|
64.18
|
0
|
|
KF(s)
|
−567.27
|
66.57
|
−537.75
|
|
KCl(s)
|
−436.747
|
82.59
|
−409.14
|
|
KCl(aq)
|
−419.53
|
159.0
|
−414.49
|
|
KBr(s)
|
−393.798
|
95.90
|
−380.66
|
|
KI(s)
|
−327.900
|
106.32
|
−324.892
|
|
KClO3(s)
|
−397.73
|
143.1
|
−296.25
|
|
KOH(s)
|
−424.764
|
78.9
|
−379.08
|
|
KOH(aq)
|
−482.37
|
91.6
|
−440.5
|
|
Silicon
|
|||
|
Si(s)
|
0
|
18.83
|
0
|
|
SiBr4(ℓ)
|
−457.3
|
277.8
|
−443.8
|
|
SiC(s)
|
−65.3
|
16.61
|
−62.8
|
|
SiCl4(g)
|
−657.01
|
330.73
|
−616.98
|
|
SiH4(g)
|
34.3
|
204.62
|
56.9
|
|
SiF4(g)
|
−1614.94
|
282.49
|
−1572.65
|
|
SiO2(s, quartz)
|
−910.94
|
41.84
|
−856.64
|
|
Silver
|
|||
|
Ag(s)
|
0
|
42.55
|
0
|
|
Ag+(aq)
|
105.579
|
72.68
|
77.107
|
|
Ag2O(s)
|
−31.05
|
121.3
|
−11.2
|
|
AgCl(s)
|
−127.068
|
96.2
|
−109.789
|
|
AgI(s)
|
−61.84
|
115.5
|
−66.19
|
|
AgN3(s)
|
620.60
|
99.22
|
591.0
|
|
AgNO3(s)
|
−124.39
|
140.92
|
−33.41
|
|
AgNO3(aq)
|
−101.8
|
219.2
|
−34.16
|
|
Sodium
|
|||
|
Na(s)
|
0
|
51.21
|
0
|
|
Na(g)
|
107.32
|
153.712
|
76.761
|
|
Na+(g)
|
609.358
|
—
|
—
|
|
Na+(aq)
|
−240.12
|
59.0
|
−261.905
|
|
NaF(s)
|
−573.647
|
51.46
|
−543.494
|
|
NaF(aq)
|
−572.75
|
45.2
|
−540.68
|
|
NaCl(s)
|
−411.153
|
72.13
|
−384.138
|
|
NaCl(g)
|
−176.65
|
229.81
|
−196.66
|
|
NaCl(aq)
|
−407.27
|
115.5
|
−393.133
|
|
NaBr(s)
|
−361.062
|
86.82
|
−348.983
|
|
NaBr(aq)
|
−361.665
|
141.4
|
−365.849
|
|
NaI(s)
|
−287.78
|
98.53
|
−286.06
|
|
NaI(aq)
|
−295.31
|
170.3
|
−313.47
|
|
NaOH(s)
|
−425.609
|
64.455
|
−379.484
|
|
NaOH(aq)
|
−470.114
|
48.1
|
−419.15
|
|
NaClO3(s)
|
−365.774
|
123.4
|
−262.259
|
|
NaHCO3(s)
|
−950.81
|
101.7
|
−851.0
|
|
Na2CO3(s)
|
−1130.68
|
134.98
|
−1044.44
|
|
Na2SO4(s)
|
−1387.08
|
149.58
|
−1270.16
|
|
Sulfur
|
|||
|
S(s, monoclinic)
|
0.33
|
—
|
—
|
|
S(s, rhombic)
|
0
|
31.80
|
0
|
|
S(g)
|
278.805
|
167.821
|
238.250
|
|
S2−(aq)
|
33.1
|
−14.6
|
85.8
|
|
S2Cl2(g)
|
−18.4
|
331.5
|
−31.8
|
|
SF6(g)
|
−1209
|
291.82
|
−1105.3
|
|
SF4(g)
|
−774.9
|
292.03
|
−731.3
|
|
H2S(g)
|
−20.63
|
205.79
|
−33.56
|
|
H2S(aq)
|
−39.7
|
121
|
−27.83
|
|
HS−(aq)
|
−17.6
|
62.8
|
12.08
|
|
SO2(g)
|
−296.830
|
248.22
|
−300.194
|
|
SO3(g)
|
−395.72
|
256.76
|
−371.06
|
|
SOCl2(g)
|
−212.5
|
309.77
|
−198.3
|
|
SO42−(aq)
|
−909.27
|
20.1
|
−744.53
|
|
H2SO4(ℓ)
|
−813.989
|
156.904
|
−690.003
|
|
H2SO4(aq)
|
−909.27
|
20.1
|
−744.53
|
|
HSO4−(aq)
|
−887.34
|
131.8
|
−755.91
|
|
Tin
|
|||
|
Sn(s, white)
|
0
|
51.55
|
0
|
|
Sn(s, gray)
|
−2.09
|
44.14
|
0.13
|
|
SnCl2(s)
|
−325.1
|
—
|
—
|
|
SnCl4(ℓ)
|
−511.3
|
258.6
|
−440.1
|
|
SnCl4(g)
|
−471.5
|
365.8
|
−432.2
|
|
SnO2(s)
|
−580.7
|
52.3
|
−519.6
|
|
Titanium
|
|||
|
Ti(s)
|
0
|
30.63
|
0
|
|
TiCl4(ℓ)
|
−804.2
|
252.34
|
−737.2
|
|
TiCl4(g)
|
−763.2
|
354.9
|
−726.7
|
|
TiO2(s)
|
−939.7
|
49.92
|
−884.5
|
|
Uranium
|
|||
|
U(s)
|
0
|
50.21
|
0
|
|
UO2(s)
|
−1084.9
|
77.03
|
−1031.7
|
|
UO3(s)
|
−1223.8
|
96.11
|
−1145.9
|
|
UF4(s)
|
−1914.2
|
151.67
|
−1823.3
|
|
UF6(g)
|
−2147.4
|
377.9
|
−2063.7
|
|
UF6(s)
|
−2197.0
|
227.6
|
−2068.5
|
|
Zinc
|
|||
|
Zn(s)
|
0
|
41.63
|
0
|
|
ZnCl2(s)
|
−415.05
|
111.46
|
−369.398
|
|
ZnO(s)
|
−348.28
|
43.64
|
−318.3
|
|
ZnS(s, sphalerite)
|
−205.98
|
57.7
|
−201.29
|
| From Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R., Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. †Many hydrogen-containing and oxygen-containing compounds are listed only under other elements. |
|||
