35 Matumizi ya Lugha

Sura ya Tano
SARUFI: MNYAMBULIKO WA KUFANYIA

The Prepositional Extension is often translated into English by a verb and a preposition.

Simple Form               Form with an Extended Root

       -pik-, cook                 -piki-, cook for someone/something
-som-, read                -some-, read to someone/for someone/something

-chagu-, choose        -chaguli-, choose for someone/something
-ondo-, remove         -ondole-, remove (something) for someone/something

-nyw-, drink              -nywe-, drink for someone/something
-l-, eat                       -li-, eat for/instead of someone/something

jibu, answer              -jibi-, answer for/instead of someone/something
samehe, forgive         -samehe-, forgive for/instead of someone/something

The vowels occurring in the extension are i/e, depending on the vowels in the root. See examples above.

Root vowel                Extension vowel
i, u. a                                     i
e, o                                       e
No vowel                             i/e-memorize the monosyllabic extensions

If a root ends in a vowel, e.g. -chagu-, an ‘l’ is inserted before the extension vowel: -chaguli-. Foreign-origin words may fall in between these categories, and they have a foreign end vowel. E.g. jibu, answer –> jibia answer instead of/for, or samehe, forgive –> samehea, forgive for/instead of.

Proverbs
*          Mtoto akililia wembe, mpe.
If a child cries for a razor, give it to them.
(One learns from experience.)
– lia, cry                   lilia, cry for/about

*           Mcheza na matope humrukia.
One who plays with mud, it usually flies at them.
(If you play with fire, you may get burnt.)
-ruka, fly                  rukia, fly at someone/something

MAZOEZI.
Zoezi la kwanza. Tunga sentensi kama unavyoona hapa chini. Tafsiri sentensi zako mpya.

*               Flora alisoma.
–>            Flora alinisomea.
[Flora read. –> Flora read to me.]

1. Rosa alipika. Rosa …
2. Honorata ataleta ndizi. Honorata … ndizi.
3. Wavulana wamezungumza. Wavulana ….
4. Mtoto alikojoa. Mtoto ….
5. Stella anafungua mlango. Stella …. mlango.
6. Ndalo alipunguza bei. Ndalo …. bei.
7. Charles aliondoa nguo. Charles … nguo.
8. Mwalimu atapiga simu. Mwalimu …. simu.
9. Msichana alifua nguo. Msichana …. nguo.

Zoezi la pili. Tunga sentensi mbalimbali zitakazoonyesha sarufi hii. Kwa mfano:

*            Dada anasoma.
–>         Dada anatusomea.
–>         Dada, kwa nini hutatusomea?
–>         Sijui kwa nini dada hajatusomea.
[(My) sister is reading. –> Sister is reading to us./Sister, why
won’t you read to us? / I don’t know why sister hasn’t read to
us.]

1          Dada analeta maji.
2          … fungua deski
3          … nunua viatu
4          … fyeka majani
5          … chagua kitabu
6          … pika chakula
7          … imba wimbo
8          … haribu biashara
9          … tunza mtoto
10        … nywa pombe

Zoezi la tatu. Tafsiri.
Mifano yote imetoka katika Sura ya Tatu ya riwaya.

1          Mwewe alikuwa amekwishachukua kifaranga kingine. [..] Wasichana
walianza kumtupia mawe lakini hayakumfikia.
2          Siku hiyo Zakaria alimpitia Ndalo kwenda kilabuni.
3          Jua lilipotua, Bigeyo alimleta Stella nyumbani. Alimwombea toba kwa
mama yake.
4          “Ombe, ombe,” Zakaria alijibu kwa sauti hafifu sana.
Waliogopa kumpatia “Ombe.” Badala yake walimtayarishia uji.
5          […] Zakaria alikuwa akinunulia watu pombe ovyo […]
6          Stella aliwaona [walevi] wakikojolea michungwa, migomba, maua
yao-hata nyumba.
7          [..] mto mmoja alimwendea Rosa akamwambia: “Mai children! We
know Anglish Makerere I, Makerere I.”
8          Mzee mmoja alikuwa akisema kwamba atakayemnunulia madebe
mawili ya pombe atampatia binti yake aoe.

Zoezi la nne. Kusema.
Wanafunzi wawili watunge mazungumzo mafupi wakitumia sarufi hii. Kwa mfano:
1        Hospitalini: mgonjwa anaomba msaada kwa sababu anashindwa kufanya
shughuli mbalimbali, k.m. kusoma, kuandika barua, kufungua bahasha,
n.k.
2          Shuleni: mwalimu anashindwa kufundisha darasa. Anaomba msaada
kufundisha, kusahihisha insha, kutoa maksi, pata chaki, n.k.
3          Hotelini: wageni wawili wanamwomba mhudumu alete maji ya kunywa,
mpishi apike samaki, mhudumu mwingine aandike jina la samaki, apate
bia baridi, aulize mapishi ya ugali, n.k.
***      Wanafunzi wacheze michezo hii mifupimifupi.

Zoezi la tano. INSHA.
Andika insha juu ya msaada uliopata katika maisha yako. Tumia mifano mingi ya sarufi hii. Usisahau kutumia methali moja.