Fulfulde/Fula/Peul/Pulaar/Fulani
Verb Extensions
Verb extensions, typically placed between a verb’s root and its ending, can alter the meaning of a verb and/or allow it to take an indirect object (typically by replacing prepositions as used in English). The following is a list of common verb extensions in Fulfulde:
-d-
This extension adds the idea of the preposition “with,” that the verb is done together with another person.
- haalude – to talk
- haaldude e – to talk with (e= with)
- yahude – to go
- yahdude e – to go with
-inde-
The -inde- verb extension “causes” the action of the verb to occur
- jaŋngude – to study / learn / read
- jaŋninde – to teach (to cause to learn)
- famude – to understand
- faminde – to explain something to someone
-ir-
This one is tricky to explain, but the meaning is clear in context. This extension adds the idea of the manner in which something is done / doing the action of the verb with an object (rather than a person)
- winndude – to write
- winndirde biki – to write with a pencil (biki = pencil)
- taƳude – to cut
- taƳirde laɓi – to cut with a knife
-oy-
This extension indicates that physical movement must take place in order for the action to occur; can act as future proche in narrative form (“subject is going to do the verb”)
- jaŋngude – to study / learn / read
- jaŋngoyde – to go to study
- ɲaamude – to eat
- ɲaamoyde – to go to go eat
- soodude – to buy
- soodoyde – to go to buy
-an-
The -an-verb extension indicates that the subject is doing the verb for someone or something
- gollude – to work
- gollande- to work for (someone or something)
- warude – to come
- warande – to come for something
-t- or -it-
This extension can either reverse/undo the action of the verb or indicate that the action is repeated, depending on context.
- sokude – to lock
- soktude – to unlock
- uddude – to close
- udditidde – to open
- warude – to come
- wartude – to come back / again
- fuɗɗude – to begin
- fuɗɗitidde – to begin again
*Note: When the extension is -it- the -ude ending becomes -idde