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Book Contents Navigation
Introduction
About Acholi-Lwo
Finding a Language Mentor
Useful Online Resources for Learning Acholi
Cultural Resources in Acholi
A crash course in Acholi greetings
Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda
Acholi Proverbs and Idioms
Acholi: Language Learning Resources
Acholi: Cultural Resource Bibliography
Acholi & Ngakarimojong: Lost in Translation
Acholi: The Regional Context
Ngakarimojong: Time
Acholi: "Literary" Acholi
About Akan (Twi)
Finding an Akan Twi Mentor
Akan (Twi) Learning Resources
Akan Cultural Resources
Introductory Lesson on Greetings in Akan Twi
Akan Diagraphs
The Akan alphabet
Being polite in Akan Twi
Introducing yourself and meeting others in Akan Twi
About Amharic
Finding an Amharic Mentor
Learning Resources
Ethiopian Cultural Resources
A Quick Amharic Lesson
Food & Drinks in Amharic: Basics of Ethiopian Food
A Number's Lesson
Household Items
Scenarios in the Household
Family Members
Actions
Body Parts
Practicing the Amharic Alphabet
Days, Months, and Seasons
Telling Time
Colors and Clothing Types
Weather
Finding a mentor for Arabic dialect
Library resources for Tunisian Colloquial Arabic (TCA)
Online resources for learning Tunisian Colloquial Arabic (TCA)
Cultural resources for learners of Tunisian colloquial Arabic
Negation in Tunisian colloquial Arabic
The present simple and progressive tenses
The passive voice in Tunisian colloquial Arabic
Conditional Clauses
Relative clauses in TCA
Possession in Tunisian Colloquial Arabic
Notes on a few words familiar from MSA, but slightly different in Tounsi.
The future tense, and some other uses for the word باش/بش
Possessive Pronouns
The Verb Forms of Tunisian Arabic
About Chichewa
Online Language Resources
Learn Greetings in Chichewa
Chichewa Cultural Resources
About Hausa
Finding a Hausa Language Mentor
Hausa Culture Resources
Hausa Greetings
"to be"
Counting
Launoni (colors)
Expressions of Location
Past Tense - Hausa
Questions
Hausa Alphabet
Days of the week & months of the year
Describing weather
"to have"
The Body
Directions
Market Interactions
Basic expressions about food
Describing people using physical characteristics
Describing people using character traits
Farming Practices
Farming Practices 2
Suffixes -n and -r
Future Present Tense
Verb vs Noun Usage
About Kpelle
Finding a Mentor-Kpelle
Online Language Resources-Kpelle
Cultural Resources
Short (very simplified) Lesson on Questions
Kpelle-Adjectives (basic)
Kpelle-Introductions and Food
Kpelle-Introductions (part 2) and People!
Kpelle-Health and Sickness
Kpelle-Health, Sickness, and Wellness Part 2
Kpelle-Vocabulary and Schools/Schooling
Kpelle- History and Brief Intro. Lesson on Syllabary and Alphabet
Kpelle-Basic Lesson on Nouns and Pronouns
Kpelle-Numbers
About Liberian English
Online Resources for Liberian English
Cultural and Historical Resources: Liberia and Liberian English
Practice Lesson: Some Basics in Liberian English Pronunciation
Liberian English- Varieties
Varieties- Liberian Pidgin English
Varieties- Liberian Vernacular English or Vernacular Liberian English(VLE)
Liberian Music-Hipco
Variations of Grammar and "Rules" in the Varieties of English-Basic Similarities and Differences
About Luganda
About the Luganda Materials
Getting Started with Luganda
Useful Online Resources
Useful Texts
Cultural Resources for Learners of Luganda
Luganda for Beginners
Beginning Luganda – Worksheet 1: Greetings
Beginner Answer Key 1
Beginner worksheet 2: Plural Greetings
Beginners Worksheet 2 Answer key
Beginner Worksheet 3: Negatives in Luganda
Beginner Answer Key 3
Beginner Worksheet 4: Past Tenses
Answer Key 4
Luganda Beginner Worksheet 5: Future Tense
Beginnining Luganda Worksheet 6: Counting in Noun Classes
Beginning Worksheet 7: The Possessive
Beginning Worksheet 8: Subject markers
Beginning Worksheet 9: Prepositional phrases
Intermediate Luganda Standards
Luganda for Intermediate and Advanced Learners
Prepositional verbs in Luganda
Luganda Grammar Lessons
The Reciprocal in Luganda
The conditional in Luganda
The passive form in Luganda
Narrative Tense in Luganda
"Just," "Merely," or "Simply" in Luganda
Worksheet: Conditional
Worksheet: "Just," "Merely," or "Simply" in Luganda
Infix tenses in Luganda
Worksheet: Just now
Before
Worksheet: Before
About Malagasy
Basil Considine
Malagasy Readings
Malagasy Writing & Translation Examples
Finding a Malagasy Language Mentor
Malagasy: Tips for Speaking Practice with a Language Mentor
Malagasy: Online Study Resources
Malagasy: Food – Baking and Dining
Malagasy Phrases for Daily Life
Malagasy: Finding an ATM
Malagasy: Money Problems
Malagasy: Bad News
Malagasy: Going Out
Malagasy: Living in the City
Malagasy: Medical 1 - Major Organs
Malagasy: Medical 2 - Limbs and Other Body Areas
Malagasy: Medical 3 - Instructions
Malagasy: Medical 4 - Descriptors
Malagasy: Medical 5 - Dialogues 1
Malagasy: Medical 6 - Dialogues 2
Malagasy: When the Power Goes Out 1
Malagasy: When the Power Goes Out 2
Malagasy: Food Vocabulary
Malagasy: Food Descriptions – Fruits & Berries
Malagasy Pulses & Legumes & Vegetables
Malagasy: Reading "On the Street" 1
Malagasy: Cultural Resources
Malagasy: Question Words
Malagasy: End-of-Semester Self-Assessment
Malagasy: Numbers (Up to 99)
Malagasy: Sample Online Resource Use
Malagasy: Taxi Directions
Malagasy: Sample Gapped Text
Malagasy: Price Negotiation – Eggs
Malagasy: Price Negotiation – Fabric
Malagasy: Price Negotiation – Taxi
Malagasy: Tattoo Vocabulary
Malagasy: Directions
Malagasy: Listening Resources
Malagasy: Time
Malagasy: Tips for Summer Language Learning
Malagasy: Cause and Effect
Malagasy: Working With Your Language Mentor
Malagasy: Drinking Problems
About Arabic
Cultural Resources for Learning About the Middle East
All About Arabic
Arabic: A “Less Commonly Taught” and/or a “Critical” Language?
اللغة العربية | The Arabic Language
Tips for Finding a Language Mentor for MSA
Finding an Arabic Language Mentor
Common Arabic Words for Beginners
Tips for Finding an Arabic Mentor
Strategies for Reading in Arabic
Arabic Pronunciation
Introduce Yourself in Arabic
Arabic Online
Arabic Intro Lesson: Greetings in MSA
Basic Travel Phrases
Going to the Doctor Lesson
Phrases and Expressions for Eating and Sharing Food in Levantine Dialect
Learning Gulf Arabic dialects - A collection of resources
Past Progressives
Emotions Part 1 | Positive Emotions
Commonly-used expressions / تعبيرات شائعة
Learning Arabic Colors
Arabic Numbers 0-10
Arabic Vocabulary: Politics
Arabic Medical Terms
Cultural Resources: Arabic-Speaking Countries
Cultural Resources for Arabic Learners
Cultural Resources for Learners of Arabic
الاضافة غيرالحقيقية===False Idaafa
Arabic: WHAT/WHERE/HOW/WHY
Online Sites for Arabic Learning
Online Resources for Arabic Language Learners
Online and Library Resources
Online Arabic Resources
Library Resources for Arabic Learners
Tips for Finding an Arabic Language Mentor During a Pandemic
Common Greetings in Arabic
Using Language in the Kitchen
Expanding Ideas of Apartheid Using Arabic
SOURCES and MATERIALS: Studying Arabic as a Medievalist
Finding a Mentor for a Medievalist Studying Arabic
Drew's Arabic Online Resources
Drew's Historical Cultural Resources
Drew's First Arabic Lesson
Arabic "Except For" Sentences
Tales of Horror in Arabic (An Egyptian Monster)
Tales of Horror in Arabic (Aleister Crowley)
Tales of Horror in Arabic (Gothic)
Tales of Horror in Arabic---Nosferatu (A Lesson Plan)
Novel Reading Excercise--Tilka al-Ra'iha
Ngakarimojong: Introduction and Greetings
Ngakarimojong: Finding a Mentor
Ngakarimojong: Parts of the Body
Ngakarimojong: Village, Household and Family
Ngakarimojong: Animals and the Age Set System
Ngakarimojong: Quality Verbs
Ngakarimojong: The Conditional Tense
Ngakarimojong: Introductory Lesson
Ngakarimojong: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda (Karamoja version)
Ngakarimojong: Present, Future and Perfect Tenses
Ngakarimojong: The Past Tense ("Abunore" Construction)
Ngakarimojong: Uses of the Imperative Tense
Ngakarimojong: Numbers (One to One Thousand)
About Setswana
Finding a Setswana Language Mentor
Useful Setswana Web Resources
Setswana Cultural Resources
Learning through folktales: Lizard and Chameleon
Lesson 1: Greetings
Film Analysis: O Bone O Ja Sereto
Introduction to Yoruba
Finding Yoruba Language Mentors
Yoruba Language Bibliography
Yoruba Language Learning Websites
Yoruba Cultural Resources
Peer Greetings: Yoruba
Advice on finding a language mentor and fostering a productive mentor relationship
xjin225
Speaking Activity
Annotated list of 5-10 learning resources (Yoruba)
Tips and Expectations
Ẹkọ Kiini (Updated)
Language Learning Activity
Language Activity: Yoruba Pronunciation Workshop
An Annotated List of 5 Yoruba learning websites
Sọ̀rọ̀ nipa oju-ọjọ́ (Talking about weather)
Talking About Emotions
Exploring Positions in Yoruba
Talking about Ẹkọ́-ilé ati Ẹkọ́-ita
Language resources for listening and speaking Yoruba and a Language activity
Correcting Common Word Usage Errors in Yoruba
Tips for speaking practice with mentor
Talking about Health and Recovery
Asking about/Describing a person
Six Cultural Resources for Learning Yoruba
Yoruba Language Learning Activity: Shopping
Practice Yoruba Reading
Useful Tips for Successful Language Learning
Integrating Mentor's Feedback into Language Learning
Listening Resource for Learning Yoruba
Comparative Clauses Exploration
Yoruba Matchmaking Dialogue Exploration
Respecting Elders in Yoruba Culture
Part I: Introduction to Swahili
About Swahili
Finding a Swahili Language Mentor
More tips on mentorship: Mutual agreement
olanipekun
Language Resources
Beginner Speaking Activity- Jikoni Yangu
Useful Swahili Websites
Part II: Swahili History, Culture, and More
More Swahili Websites
Selected Noun Classes and Their Demonstrative Pronoun
Shughuli za kila siku- Daily Activities
Reading Comprehension Jina la Mwalimu
Talking about myself and other people
Kufupisha kwa Kitabu cha historia ya pwani kwa Uswahili
Swahili Greetings
Swahili and Its Political History
Swahili Culture Bibliography
Swahili: Growing as a National Language
Nchi na Utaifa
Swahili Music
Swahili Dialects
Swahili Lesson on Traveling Around Town
Part III: Grammar, Vocab, and Methali
Noun Classes: An Introduction and Practicing Possessive Agreements
Learning Swahili Noun Classes… with Fruit
Not Swahili, not English: Sheng
Swahili as a Critical Language
Swahili as a Compulsory Subject in East African Schools
Maamkizi: Swahili Greetings
Swahili in Uganda: From the Language of the Military to the Language of the Market
Expressing Likes and Dislikes in Swahili
This and That in Swahili: Introduction to Demonstratives
Hisia: Kuhisi
Prepositions and Conjunctions
Practicing Locatives Agreements
Grammar Pop Up Lesson: Using -enye
Swahili Methali and Misemo (Proverbs and Sayings)
Methali Continued
Talking About Time
Kusafiri
Nyumba yangu
Swahili Cultural Resources Continued
Vyakula na Vinywaji
A Folktale in Swahili: Mbogo Yenye Akili-The Intelligent Buffalo
Speaking Practice tips with mentor
A closer, Swahili analysis of The Swahili
Sokoni: A Review of Buying and Selling
Integration of Mentors' Feedback into Language Learning
Matatizo ya Afya- Health Conditions
Emotions Part 1 | Negative Emotions
Part 2 | Positive Emotions
Using Past Tense with Holiday Vocabulary
Swahili Verb Tenses Practice
Sarufi (Grammar) | When and If in Verb Structure
Part IV: Activities
Swahili Greetings 101 (Maamkio / Salamu)
Tanzanian online forum activity
Vitendawili (Riddles) vya Kiswahili.
Grammar | Relative Constructions and Pronouns
Kujulisha (Introducing) Penina Muhando Mlama
Sarufi Haraka: Kauli ya Kutendana
Transcription Activity
Advanced Reading Practice
Reading Practice 1: Julius Nyerere Speech
Advanced: Unataka kujifunza kuhusu utamaduini au usomaji?
Working with advanced analyses
Swahili Holidays
-ote & -o -ote
Intro to Adjectives
Language Resources for Acquiring Listening and Speaking
Sehemu za Mwili (Body Parts)
Swahili Online Resources and Activities
Swahili Listening Resources
Tips for Successful Summer Language Learning
About Sheng
Resources
Kimathi Muthee
Finding a Sheng Language Mentor
Useful Websites on Sheng Learning
Sample Lesson: Greetings & Introduction
Shona
Finding a Shona Language Mentor
Shona Learning Resources
ChiShona Sounds
ChiShona Greetings
Introductions
Family in Shona
Shona Nominal Classes
Daily Activities on a Shona Rural Farm
Shona Cuisine
Buying and Selling
The Human Body
Color and Clothing
Transport
Who are the speakers of Soussou?
Tips and Expectations for Learning Soussou
Times of Day in Soussou
Tips for Speaking with your Language Mentor:
What People Do/Different Kinds of Jobs
Talking About the Home in Soussou
Parts of the Human Body in Soussou
Cultural Resources on Guinea for Soussou Learners
Selected Language Resources
Sources for Learning Soussou
Kheboui anoun Yètè Masségni – Greetings and Self Presentation in Soussou
Language Learning Activity: Numbers and Nouns
5 Soussou Learning Websites List (Annotated)
The Family (Dembaya/Habilè) in Soussou
Tips For Summer Language Learning (In-Situ)
How To Find A Language Mentor for Soussou
Days of the Week in Soussou – Telling Time and Making Plans
How to Get Around and How to Orient Yourself in Soussou
About Nepali Language
University of Wisconsin-Madison Students in African 671
Nepali Language Resources
Finding a Nepali Language Mentor
Short Nepali Lessons
Nepali Language Web Tools
Lesson 1 Nepali Pronouns
Lesson 2 Nepali Adjectives + Game
Nepali Numbers & Classifiers Lesson
Nepali Counting and Classifiers Part 2-Exercises
Speaking Practice Tips with a Nepali Language Mentor
Nepali Familial Relationships (Immediate Family)
Nepali Environmental Vocabulary
Question Words in Nepali
Speaking & Listening Resources
The "Unknown Past"
A Lesson in Comparisons
Emphasis Particles
Nepali Determiners
Online Resources Example: Learning Nepali Lyrics
Online Resources: Voice Recording
Question Words Exercise (Part 1)
Question Words Exercise (Part 2)
Additional Listening Resources
Using Resources for Market Shopping
Nepali Conjunctions
Verb Conjugation Simple Present Tense
Nepali Language Learning Tips High Intermediate-Advanced
Using Resources to Learn Past Tenses (Writing/Speaking)
Causative Verbs Lesson
Tips for Successful Summer Language Learning (Grace)
Passive Voice
Incorporating Feedback from Your Mentor (Writing and Speaking)
Incorporating Mentor Feedback (Reading and Listening)
Final Audio/Writing Exercise
Final Audio/Writing Lesson Using Conservation Vocabulary
About the Manding Languages
Resources for Learning Manding
Finding a Manding-Speaking Language Mentor
Manding Language Websites
Finding a Manding Language Mentor
Language Resources for Manding
Lesson: Introducing Yourself
Extended Greetings: Dialogue Practice
Mene le nin? What is this? (Dyula)
Speaking Practice Tips with a Language Mentor
Speaking and Listening Resources for Manding
Basic Sentence Structure with Direct Objects
Numbers in Context (Currency Conversion)
Why Mentor Feedback Helps You Learn a Language
The Super 7 in Manding
How to Succeed in an Intensive, Self-Directed Language Program
Short Text for Verb Practice in Dyula
Xhosa
Finding a Tutor in a Least Commonly Taught Language
Adriana Velasco
Learning Xhosa. Lesson 1: Greetings
Flashcards: Gen. Vocabulary, verbs and more
Xhosa: Food and Drinks
Xhosa: Food
Xhosa: The Weather
Xhosa: Seasons and Months of the Year
Xhosa: Numbers + Money and Days of the Week
Historical and Linguistic Background
Krio Basic Lesson -A Day at School
Phonology Basics
Eh boh! Common phrases in Krio
Sierra Leone Proverbs in Krio
About Hmong
Hmong Language Resources
Finding a Hmong Language Mentor
An Introduction to Common Classifiers
Online Hmong Language Resources
Zaub Mov Hmoob
Cov Lus Txuas: Conjunctions
Working with a Language Mentor: Tips and Tricks
Hmong Speaking and Listening Resources
Hmong Cultural Resources
Lub Sijhawm
Paj Lug-A Window Into Hmong Culture
Paj Huam
Online Resource: Hmong High Frequency Words
Descriptive Words
The Summer in Review: Language Learning Tips and Tricks
Kwv Txhiaj
Listening Resources: Koj Mloog, Tab Sis Koj Puas Nkag Siab?
Integrating Mentor Feedback
To Be (In Any Form)
Maasai Learning Resources
Maa Lesson #1: Consonants
Maa Language Website Resources
Maa Lesson #2: Maa Greetings
Maasai Lesson #2, Part #2: Greetings H5P Activities
Tips for Speaking Practice with Your Mentor
Resources for Speaking and Listening in the Maa Language
Maa Lesson #3: Parts of the Body
Maa Cultural Resources
Maa Lesson #3, Part #2: Parts of the Body H5P Activity
Maa Lesson #4: Reproductive Health and Menstruation
Maasai Lesson #5: Times and Weather Conditions
Maasai Lesson #6: Online Resource Activity - Color and Design
Maa Lesson #7: Simple Sentences and The Maasai Langauge Guide
Maa Listening Resources and a Comprehension Strategy
Summer Language Learning Tips
Maa Lesson #8: Simple Sentences #2
Book Resources For Self Instruction
Finding a Mentor
Mini Bahasa Melayu Basics Introduction
Internet Resources for Self Instruction
Lessons yang New?
Rasa Sayang
The 1,2,3 of Bahasa Melayu
Conversations with Mentors
A Start to Suffixes and Prefixes
Let's Emphasize That-Lah!
Speaking and Listening Resources For Self Instruction
Cultural Resources for Self Learning
Perasaan - It's how I feel...
Tips and Tricks For Language Learning
An Extended Reading Activity
Internet Learning Activies
Constructing sentences in Bahasa Melayu
Pronouns
Language Registers
Grammar
Finding and Working With a Mentor
Script
The Five Ws (and 1 H)
Grammar: -e/ne and -ipun/nipun
Javanese Language Register Practice
Where are you going / Where are you from?
Language Mentor Speaking Tips
Speaking and Listening Resources
Greetings in Javanese
Helpful Javanese Learning Resources
Negation in Javanese
Using Javanese Textbook Resources
Listening Resources
Tips for Summer Language Learning
Cultural Resources (Part 1)
Gapped Text Exercise #2
Numbers in Javanese
About Lingala
A Few Useful Resources for Learning Lingala
Finding a Language Mentor for Lingala
Lesson 1: Lingala Sounds
Lesson 2: The Semi-vowels in Lingala and Key Distinctions Between Vowels
Lesson 3: Consonants in Lingala
Lesson 4 - Conjugating the Verb "To Be" in the Present Tense
Lesson 5: Tonality in Lingala (Part I)
Practice - High Tones in Lingala
Practice Reading Text and Comprehension in Lingala
Practice Listening and Comprehension of Lingala
Lesson 5: Tonality in Lingala (Part II)
Lesson 6: Tonality in Lingala (Part III)
Useful Tips for Learning Lingala
Integrating my Mentor's Feedback
Lingala-specific websites (TBE)
About Fulfulde
Fulfulde Language Learning and Cultural Resources
Finding a Fulfulde Mentor
How to greet in Fulfulde (all day long!)
Initial Consonant Changes
Fulfulde Noun Classes
Verb Extensions
Reading Comprehension Exercise: Seasonal Farming and Herding in Central Mali
Conjugating Regular Fulfulde Verbs
Pronouns in Fulfulde
Speaking Exercise: Bargaining
Expressing "to be"
Giving Directions
Comparisons
Herding Reading Comprehension Lesson
Applying Advanced Arabic to Research, Part I: Intro to Arabic Language Data Analysis
Applying Advanced Arabic to Research Part II: Intro to Collecting Event Data
Arabic Question
Resources and Exercises for Arabic-Language Memoirs of Political Figures
Finding a Rukiga Mentor
About Rukiga
Rukiga Language Resources
Rukiga Cultural Resources
Lesson: Putting Together Demonstratives and Adjectives
Numbers and Counting in Rukiga
Common Rukiga Adjectives
Demonstratives In Rukiga
Possessive Adjectives in Rukiga
Lesson: Putting Together Relative Pronouns and Only & Alone
Lesson: Putting Together Adjectives and “Of” / “From” and “Other/s”
Rukiga Color Terms
"Of" / "From" and "Other/s" in Rukiga
Lesson: Putting Together Adjectives and Possessive Adjectives
"Only" & "Alone" in Rukiga
Relative Pronouns in Rukiga
Modified Verb Stems
Reflexives and Reciprocals in Rukiga
Prepositional Verbs in Rukiga
Causative Verbs in Rukiga
Passive Verbs in Rukiga
Basic Rukiga Vocabulary for Space and Direction
Rukiga Transitional Words
Focus Construction in Rukiga
Adverbials in Rukiga
Rukiga Dialogue for Beginning Learners
Lesson: Greetings in Rukiga
Stative Verbs in Rukiga
Applying Advanced Arabic to Research Part III: Intro to Archival Methods (Colonial Records Explained)
Applying Advanced Arabic to Research Part IV: Intro to Archival Methods (Colonial Records Applications)
Gapped Text Exercise in Gambian Wolof
Language Mentors
Tips for other learners about how to find mentor(s) for your language.
A Few Things About Gambian Wolof Phonetics
Youtbube Resources
Potential Memory Place
Gapped Text Exercise
Language-Specific Websites
Lesson of Choice
Cultural Bibliography
At The Market: A Conversational Script
Gambian Musicians
Gambian Food Menu
Advanced Gap Text
Jangal ma Wolof (Youtube)
Animals in Gambian Wolof
Family Members & Feelings
Sentence Variation Practice
Numbers and an Introduction to Saying the Time
Common Locations Game
Resource That Benefit a Specific Language Skill: Listening
Review Crossword
An Introduction to Egyptian Arabic
Tips on Finding a Mentor
Sentence Structure Lesson 1
Gapped Text Exercise: Song Lyrics
Lesson on Locating & Pronouncing Words and Determining Articles
Lesson: Regular Verbs
Describing Actions Activity - Present Tense
Past Tense Form
Colloquial Egyptian Arabic Expressions
About Lebanese Arabic
Gapped Text Exercise 1
Gapped Text Exercise 2
Lesson - Grocery Shopping
Lesson - Verb Tenses
Introduction and Background of Kinyarwanda
allisonfisher
Kinyarwanda Learning Resources
Finding a mentor
Online Resources for Kinyarwanda
Getting to know you
Kinyarwanda Wildlife Animals - A Culture and Vocabulary Lesson from Akagera National Park
Getting into a Mentor Relationship
An Overview of Anki
Anki Part II: How to manage forgetting
Learning through Media Outlets
Anki Part III: Finding and adding example sentences with audio
Anki Part IV: Adding Bulk Audio
Using "Language Reactor" to study with YouTube
Book Reviews Fall 2019
Book Reviews 2020-21
Appendix
Gambian Wolof (EC)
xxx
Jangal ma Wolof – First Episode
Jangal ma Wolof – Tenth Episode
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Resources for Self-Instructional Learners of Less Commonly Taught Languages Copyright © by University of Wisconsin-Madison Students in African 671 is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.